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In my lecture I tried to explain the problems of the Third World using the terminology Abramovitz. Had developed what he called a "quality index of economic activity," according to which people or countries engaged in economic activities with a higher rate were rich, while engaged in activities with a low rate would be poor. Were an attempt to merge several factors that tend to be correlated. The index would explain why, despite that both sectors have the best global practices, producersp; iacute; to expect, the younger of the two dozen economists present threw a laugh at the idea of classifying economic activities for their "quality." But by chance I was seated next to Abramovitz around the horseshoe-shaped table, and when I sat the presentacióny said: "A very good idea." My surprise was such that I thought my ears had failed me, but I repeated it. Meet

Moses Abramovitz was like to contact an academic culture rather outdated and extremely generous, always willing to share their knowledge, prodigalor your time and advice. In my view, all past experiences of wealth creation, from the England of Henry VII in 1845 to launch the Marshall Plan in 1947 - had shown that a country could make you rich if housed within its borders certain economic activities. As I see it, economic growth, particularly in the early and fragile stages, "depended on the activity, or to put it another way, was closely linked to certain types of activities and economic structures. In a letter dated August 16, 1996, Abramovitz I wrote, comIan Marshall (promote activities with increasing returns) and underdevelopment and the mechanisms primitivization opposed the Morgenthau plan (eliminating activities with increasing returns). In 1945, when he would start the plan deindustrialize the German economy to Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Moses Abramovitz himself served as economic adviser to the United States representative on the Reparation Commission Allies. A team led by Abramovitz produced a report arguing that this plan would destroy Germany's export capacity, making it unable to pay for essential imports were at that time as food, and geerary massive unemployment. That memo predicted that the Morgenthau plan, if carried forward, would reduce the average income in postwar Germany to a level well below the miserable level of prewar Poland. Morgenthau was outraged and convened a meeting of the group. After Abramovitz, as team leader, had admitted responsibility for the conclusions, Morgenthau retired with an excruciating headache. In our days, the Washington Consensus has led to a new plan Morgenthau on the periphery of the world, and it is again time to replace it with a Marshall plan to promote efforts in increasing returns, as hi

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N: the state should levy higher taxes economic activities with diminishing returns (raw materials) and deduct or pay bonuses (subsidies) for economic activities with increasing returns. This was the strategy that has created a middle-income countries since Henry VII ascended the throne of the impoverished kingdom of England and established rates for the export of raw wool to subsidize the manufacture n cloth, and is also the logical consequence of the New Trade Theory by Paul Krugman that appeared in the 1980's, although Ely colleagues refrain from dedat that time the U.S.) are very real, as the process retains its dynamic. In Europe, tariffs and other barriers were reduced slowly and achieved integration. The European Union continued this practice until gradual integration of Spain in 1986, ensuring the salvation of the major English industries.
Scale is important, and the expression of Schumpeter "historical increasing returns" usefully describes the combination of technological change and increasing returns that is in the namp; oacute n wrong. The best thing to happen in the short term is that it stops. Instead of regional integration, what we see in Latin America and Africa is just the opposite. As a result of bilateral trade agreements with the United States, smaller Latin American countries are stagnating at the bottom of the wage hierarchy monoculture economies worldwide as either raw materials or technological dead end. The African economy, split into a dozen different trade agreements and as a result of competition between the EU and U.S., est & a

Southpark Quotes Fish Sticks the principle of administrative action, the principles of objectivity and public interest

And compared to negative freedom, so named because the obligation of non-holders of freedom, including the State is not doing, of not intervening in certain areas of activity of individuals (or groups ) there is another notion of freedom, positive or political freedom, which is one that he is acting against the practices that restrict competition.

The state should only intervene in exceptional cases, to suppress behavior of other members of society that go against the exercise of these freedoms, and comes to fulfill a dual role with respect to the guarantor holdersorganizational power of government, whilst respecting the merits and requirements of opportunity and the most advantageous option for its realization.

respect of the administrative procedure due to the end line and ethical conduct administrative and general service order and the common good, (& ldquo ;
Public Administration objectively serves the general interest ",


art. 103, 1 of the Constitution).













The separation of legality and procedure of this ethical line causes a deviation of purpose and a misuse of power, which would irregular administrative changes in the behavior of the subjects or the route of administration.










it is true that all concepts defined by law, the common interest, the general service are legal concepts and that the administration may hold upon them a wide discretion, this discretionad a Managing power, although this is subject to liability to public action. Whenever we depart from the proper exercise of discretion we entered the swamp concept of "arbitrariness" of pubic authorities.

This concept of discretion is opposed to arbitrary and are the elements of "morality" and "ethical purpose" that define this line of action procedural discretion.

This authority rests also on the effective control of the courts and the administration's own power of review of estoppel in fomra that impunity for their excess power must be controlled by the guarantees peer and judicial control by the system of democratic freedoms.

But it is very important to exhaust all the guarantees of administrative review and therefore also to stimulate in definitva what would be the fight against immunity of power by the courts. Judicial control of discretionaryality of power is not therefore a denial of the proper scope of the powers of command and even ordered a reduction of the limitation, but attempts to impose its decisions in respect of securities substantial legal.

The public interest, order of service, "best competitive conditions or guarantees" and administrative ethics, and legality and , as the procedural safeguards of public information are technical determinants of discretionary administrative controlthe validity of administrative acts. And this principle of due discretion itself to the expansive nature of the principle of administration.

so is pronounced a sentence:

"

The problem of incompatibility of public officials lic is an extreme hot and glassy and one of those where the proper legal criteria overlap ethical reviews and even political. CHT

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incompatibility is intended to ensure a certain level of professional ethics, coating the staff of a halo of prestige and honor that trust leads to citizens, that public interests are not will be devalued for the benefit of private interests of officials and their clients, prestige and honor that can be affected not only when the official acts as such in a matter entrusted to private and professional, but even when no civil service have direct intervention, it is confirmed by the Ministry or organic center serves "STS. C
o.780202/565

And this one sentence:

" The ratio characteristic of the inconsistency in respect of the public for the simple reason that the public interest in this specific situation it misses, appearing in their own interests rather than other professions, including professional ethics and dignity ... also the danger of damage or dishonor on the concept p &

Thrush Mmen Condition_symptoms The connection (and separation) needed between law and morality

leading authors to regard as natural law or Dworkin Fuller). And among the defining features of legal positivism include skepticism or ethical cognitivism (which would exclude, for example, an author and Hart). However, since-as we know, the definitions are purely conventional and does not seem to be a decisive reason in favor of both language use, it is perhaps better to abandon these labels probably too worn and too emotionally charged to be useful. Moreover, today there is a tendency by authors from the traditioniacute; indicates, as valid law can not be done without resorting to moral, since the acceptance of the rule of recognition of the system (as opposed to what he thought Hart) entails a moral. And moral judgments are also needed to carry out operations to produce, apply and interpret the law. Also, a really interesting theory of law, that seeks to serve the practice can not simply describe the law from outside, but you have to assume, at least to some extent, an internal or hermené Dosage.

Asational, then there would be proper motivation-justification-but simply an arbitrary imposition of power, disguised with false reasons. Well, although it is true that most of the twentieth century legal positivists (but not all) have been skeptical about the moral discourse, this feature has not been included in the definition of positivism legal, so that someone could still be considered positivist and recognize, however, that at some level there is a necessary connection between law and morality.

~

CH

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amp; rdquo; means that the producer can not influence the price of what it produces, which is facing a "perfect" and literally read in the newspapers what the market is willing to pay. This situation is typically found in the markets for agricultural or mineral products. Along with perfect competition generally results in a situation characterized by "diminishing returns" when production expands beyond a certain point, more units of the same input-capital and / or work-will No result in ever smaller quantities of product. In other words, using core and more tractors or more workers in the same potato fields, at a certain point each new farmer or each new tractor will produce less than the last. In the standard texts in economics assumes perfect competition and diminishing returns are the normal state.

when industrial production increases, costs are going in the opposite direction, decreasing rather than growing. Once established mechanized production, the higher the monthly production volumeor is the cost per unit produced. The first copy of a software product has a very high cost, but subsequent backups are very cheap. The industry and services are not immediately dependent on inputs provided by nature, whether fields, mines and fisheries limited in quantity or quality. Their costs decrease, or enjoy increasing returns to scale, with increasing production volume. For industrial companies and providers of advanced services is very important to have a large market share, because that is their greater volume also lower production costs (due to increasing returns). Generate increasing returns to market: they allow good influenceization of continental Europe and the United States until recent successes of South Korea and Taiwan. In recent decades, however, have increased operating services with rapid technological change and increasing returns, so the distinction between industry and services has blurred. While some industrial products manufactured on a large scale have assumed many of the attributes that used to characterize the products (but not diminishing returns.)

CHT MLXC

Rich countries show widespread imperfect competition, increasing returns activities, and as I gradually understood, all of them have become rich in exactly the same way, through policy measures that deviated from the production of raw materials and activities with diminishing returns to the industry, where laws often operate opposite. I also discovered that the key terms appeared to have changed in meaning over time. Three hundred years ago the British economist John Cary (1649-1720) recommended the "free trade", but at the same time was so indeigned by the export of raw wool abroad Ely his contemporaries discussed the possible "death sentence" of traders engaged in this business. The "free trade" signified the absence of monopolies, not the absence of tariffs, and was the "worship industry" Cary which laid the foundations of European wealth.

I was becoming increasingly clear that the mechanisms of wealth and poverty had understood much MEJor living apart from the fact that he was a lawyer and wrote that book while suffering a penalty of imprisonment in Naples, his hometown. It tried to explain why Naples was still so poor despite its abundant natural resources, while Venice, built precariously on a swamp, was the very center of the global economy the time. The key, he argued, was that the Venetians, who could not cultivate the land as the Neapolitans were forced to establish industries to earn a living, taking advantage of increasing returns to scale industrial activities. According to Serrais to unite economic approaches and theories used observable facts, experiences and lessons learned from them as a starting point for theorizing about the economy.

Since the late fifteenth century only the type of economy of the Other Canon, with its insistence that there are economic activities com micas qualitatively different carriers of economic growth, has been out of poverty to one country after another. Once you reach the economic growth, pa

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Italian economist Antonio Genovesi (1712-1769) made a similar observation in the eighteenth century, noting that rich nations impose on general ma s restrictions on trade in what he professes his ideology:

" Some free trade by means two things: absolute freedom for manufacturers to work without regulations regarding dimensions, weights, shapes, colors, and, L during the crucial moments of their development have become the most successful economies in the world. Currently it is usually argued that wealth is closely related to the degree of "openness" of different economies, but that's like comparing the incomes of people who still go to college with those who already have graduated and are in the labor market, concluding that education is not profitable because college students have lower incomes. All rich countries now passed mandatory for a period of protection of industrial sector, whose roleeducation emphasizes the term "tuition fees" (Erziehungszoll, oppfostringstoll) used in the Germanic languages. The English term used to be "infant industry protection" (protection of infant industry), it was something that almost everyone understood as necessary. Compare countries have gone through that stage with those who have not done is just stupid.

The abysmal gap between challenged; Rich and reality is even more embarrassing when the same theorists make use of different theories depending on the objective. The problems of faraway places are confronted with esoteric and abstract principles, but when the problems to solve are closer allowed to come into play common sense, pragmatism and experience. Adam Smith, whose

Wealth of Nations

appeared during the American Revolution, asserted that the United Statestwo making a grave error if trying to protect their industry. An important reason for the struggle for the independence of the American colonies in 1776 was that, as they always have colonial masters, Britain had banned them industry (other than the manufacture of the ma alquitrány stiles needed by the British). It is noteworthy that in the same book (although in a different section) Adam Smith declared that only nations with an indigenous industry could win a war. Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury, had read Adam Smith and correctly found the industrial policytrial and U.S. trade in this statement, based on experience, that only industrial countries win wars, not theoretical proclamation of free trade. Following English practice rather than theory, the United States protected its industry for nearly hundred fifty years. The theory upon which rests the current economic order ensures that free trade willa "factor-price equalization, that is, the prices of labor and capital tenderána be the same worldwide. Few economists would tell their children that could begin his career washing dishes if that activity enjoyed a "comparative advantage", instead of pursuing a career as a lawyer or doctor, because the leveling the price factor is just around the corner. As a private citizen, economists feel that the choice of one or other activity will largely determine the standard of living of their children, but at international level these same economists are unable to hold the same opinioninternational trade theory is the basis of the current world economic order based on the exchange of certain hours, in a system in which production is absent. The Ricardian theory of international trade that is the basis of the current world economic order based on the exchange of certain hours of work, devoid of qualitative features-for as many hours of work, devoid of quality characteristics - for as many hours, in a system and that production is absent. The Ricardian theory of international trade equals one hour of work of the Stone Agelogic, in which social changes such as innovations are associated with mutations in nature. Although theoretical nemesis, the French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829), was of the view that acquired traits are inherited, the two approaches are complementary to move the field significantly bioó ; cal economics. In fact, the metaphor of Lamarck is well suited to the economy in which knowledge and experience could accumulate over generations. This theory based on experience, open to the synergies and changes, is used by economists when, as private individuals, can be distinguished qualitativelyr by profession, scrubs dishes have specialized in being relatively poor in any labor market. That nations can also specialize in being poor is something incomprehensible to the economists who work with metaphors drawn from physics, because his theory has no tools with which to distinguish qualitatively between different economic activities , micas, and that is why ACPET not that poor nations should promote economic activities likely to increase the general wage level, as have all the currently rich countries. The physics-based models are also unable to give adequate careence to developments and innovations, as they exclude the possibility that the world can come up with something qualitatively new. They also lose sight of the synergies and linkages that bind systematic affects economies and societies. Margaret Thatcher's assertion that "there is no society, only individuals" is a logical and direct current economics texts.

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) is an important figure in the history ofl economic thought based on experience. What drove him was what Veblen called "fickle curiosity, a questioning spirit, no ambition to benefit. His death, in keeping with his character, was due to pneumonia contracted while verifying the effect of freezing on the preservation of meat out in the middle of a snow blizzard to fill a chickens. Reactions to the abstract theories of David Ricardo, both of the Rev. Richard Jones in England (1831) as John Rae in the U.S. (1834) - were essentially attempts rebaconizar the economy. However, the economy & iacuOMIA lets you choose between explanations

simple often not truly relevant and more complex explanations, but also more relevant.

The use of the human body as a metaphor of society has the advantage of highlighting the synergies, interdependencies and complementarities econo existing system; Oacute n unwanted. The problem is that the physics-based models that have virtually monopolized the discourse tends to exclude the very factors that create wealth, present in rich countries but not in the poor, imperfect competition, innovation, synergies between different economic sectors, economies of scale and scope and economic activities that enhance these factors.

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MLXC all seems a dream, has been a long and difficult time, I've been disappeared for many reasons and this was one of them.

do not want my grandfather to leave. It is the only thing left hand. But since my Lala died the life of my Nanny was fading away. And if your destination is back with her, beyond where you are. Do not be an impediment.

I love him, so I trust what God has for him.















absences hurt, but the memories sometimes fill the gaps. ~

Hodgkin's Condition_symptoms Ireland learn from the past

Ireland learn from the past

In Juio of 1980 came to mind the "enlightened despotism" of Wilhelm Roscher. After completing my PhD I got my first job in a U.S. consulting firm, Telesis. Early in my first job I found, accompanied by director of Telesis, in the office of Irish Prime Minister Charles Haughey. We were alone MLXC I want to talk tonight about the state of the nation and the picture I present is not, unfortunately, too optimistic. The figures that come to us very clearly show us something, and that together we are living well beyond our means. We have been living at a level that is simply not commensurate with the amount of goods and services produced. To compensate for the difference we have been incurring huge debts at a rate that can not continue. A few figures will leave this very clear, we have to rearrange spending and we can only undertake those things we podeamos afford. " CHTMLXe; ny intended to emulate the rich countries to catch up and move forward with new technology. I was the only economist of the team, and advise you along the lines of "business analysis."

Today Haughey is attributed to the huge success of the transformation of the Irish economy from the 1980, based on an early decision to be inserted into the information technology. Althe. In the late seventeenth century Ireland-then-British colony was about to take the lead of the most important industry of the time, the production of woolen cloth, with the help of a handful of Catholic immigrants working in the continent. British producers of cloth, which in turn he was winning the battle to the wool industry in Florence, could not afford to lose their competitive advantage at the hands of the Irish, and successfully asked the English king banning all exports of cloth from Ireland from 1699.

CHTMLXwas committed to ending the export of Irish wool fabrics. His argument was based on the common economic metaphor at the time, the human body. He claimed that England was the head of the body of the Commonwealth, while Ireland was a peripheral member, and of course had to override the interests of the head. This naturally caused a bitter resentment in Ireland, where the dean of Trinity College, John Hely-Hutchinson (1724-1794), wrote a book explaining that trade restrictions imposed on Ireland since 1699 had been reduced to poverty ( The Commercial Restraints of Ireland Considered in a Series of LEtters to a Noble Lord). The book, published anonymously, was sentenced to be burned by the executioner for his seditious doctrines. It was the last book he suffered that fate in England.

in the United States during the nineteenth century Irish immigrant workers fiercely defended the "American industrial system" based on rigorous safeguards that would allow the country to industrialize. Remembered that Ireland was robbed of his industry, and did not want

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LXC

real gold mine in different ways across Europe from the late sixteenth to the eighteenth century. After Botero is found in the writings of Tommaso Campanella (1602) and Antonio Genovesi (in the early 1750) in Italy, in Spain Uztariz Geronimo (1724-1751) and Anders Berch (1747), the first professor of economics outside Germany, Sweden: "The real gold mines are the manufacturing industries."

In economics Adam Smith before the launch of the industry was included in the broader mission of civilizing society. Capitalism is presented as an argument to suppress and contain the passions of mankind, to channel the energies of human beings doing something creative. The Italian economist Ferdinando Galiani (1728-1787) stated that "the industry can be expected to cure the two main evils of humanity, supersticióny slavery." This principle is based on economic policytime it was clear that the enormous wealth consisting of all the gold and silver poured into Spain volvíaa leave her to end up in places like Venice and the Netherlands. There are numerous studies of the tidal wave of inflation that swept across Europe from southern Spain as a slow tsunami. But why all this flow went gold and silver in such small geographical areas? What was it that distinguíaa Venice and the Netherlands, where he was to stop much of the English gold and silver, the rest of Europe? The answer is that had a large and diversified industry, while its agricultday, the World Bank's economic models assume that in developing countries there is full employment, although in some places less than twenty or thirty per 100 labor force has what we call a "job." At other times the people involved in economic policy recognized the magnitude of unemployment, underemployment and wandering beggar, and understood that the work required to transform raw materials into finished products would increase the wealth of cities and nations. The main issue, however, was that the economic activities that arise when trying to convert raw materials into finished productswhat the market would have been abandoning their own strength: Patents which created a temporary monopoly for new inventions and tariffs that distort prices for manufactured goods and allowed to establish new technologies and new industries away from where they were invented.

These inventions and innovations are created in a way that markets alone could never reproduce. The current economic policy and institutions washintong vigorously defend just one of those institutions, the patents that create streams of income increasing to richer countries, while strongly prohibit the propagation tools that allow geographic ; Chart of imperfect competition in the form of new industries to other countries. We accept imperfect competition protection in rich countries, but not the poor, and this is what we call "dual hypothesis" of economic theory: at home use different theories are permitted in the Third World, following the old colonial pattern. The jollowing the economic power always lead to the same golden rule: whoever has the money is what makes the rules. early eighteenth century devised a rule of thumb for economic policy in bilateral trade , which spread rapidly throughout Europe. When a country exporting raw materials and imported industrial products, was considered a CHTML

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Observation of wealth synergies around activities with increasing returns and continuous mechanization in general. Recognition that "we are on the wrong track."

Designation, support and protection aware these activities with increasing returns.

CH TMLXC Protection / patent / temporary monopolies in certain activities and geographic areas.

1. recognition of development as a phenomenon of synergy and therefore the need for a diversified industrial sector ("maximizing division of labor, "Serra, 1613). An industry simultaneously solves three problems endemic to the Third World: an increase in gross domestic product (GDP), increased employment and resolution of problems in the balance of payments.

2. Attracting foreigners to work in certain activities (historically, religious persecution have greatly contributed to this transfer.)

3. Suppression on the landed aristocracy and other groups with vested interests in the production of raw materials (from King Henry VII in the decade from 1480 to Korea and the 1960). Physiocracy, origin of neoclassical economics today, represented the landlord class revolt against the measures listed in this list in pre-revolutionary France. The American Civil War was a typical conflict between free traders and exporters of raw materials (the South) on one side and industrializing class (the North) on the other. Poor countries today are those in which political conflicts and wars civiles has won "the South." Opening too early to free trade makes the "South" political winner. The standard economics and the conditions imposed by the institutions they represent in fact Washintong unconditional support for the "South" in all poor countries.

4. tax breaks for certain activities.

5. cheap credit to certain activities.

6. export subsidies for certain activities.

7. Strong support to the agricultural sector, despite the judge clearly unable to make their own country out of poverty. CHTMLX

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Emulation, economic strategy that was born to Henry VII of England (1485)

left Economists noted that the "islands of wealth" islands also tended to be European in a geographical sense. The wealth of a city or nation seemed to be, paradoxically, inversely Proportional to its natural wealth. Ma Areass important, such as Holland and Venice, had little arable land, so were forced to specialize in manufacturing and trade away.

In Florence, the most important city-state of Europe from the sea, large landowners were deprived of political power ; tico Igua for centuries and in the coastal city-states were the interests of artisans, manufacturers and traders who dominated you the life of the city and very soon understood the basic mechanismsmong the political and economic structure, between democracy and a diversified economy no longer depended solely on agriculture and raw materials-is another forgotten lesson today when we try, with great violence and great expense, to establish democracy in countries with economic structures essentially feudal and precapitalist.

The poor countries of Europe was soon clear that they had an important relationship secur triple market power conspicuously absent in economic activity in Europe's poorest countries: industry A cuasimonoplio an important raw material and a very profitable long-distance trade . The wealth was created and maintained after high entry barriers to block, constituted by their greater knowledge, possession of a variety of industrial activitiesA: Before Adam Smith was often assumed that economic development was based on the collective search for income derived from synergies between increasing returns, innovation and division of labor, which was only in cities. This is the opposite of perfect competition currently posited by standard economic texts. From the writings of Ricardo and in particular his Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, published in the heyday of industrialization Ingaterra in 1817, the pattern is the same: rich countries to poor countries remain ; poor countries based on theories that postulate the inof the same factors that led to their own wealth. As we shall see, all the countries that became rich after 1485 did so in defiance of economic theories of Ricardo.

The first industrial policy of deliberate large-scale story was based on observation of what had ; to enriched the richest areas of Europe: that technological development in a particular field and in a restricted geographical area pod &; Iacute; to spread wealth to the nation. King Henry VII of England, who came to power in 1485, had spent his childhood and youth with an aunt in Burgundy, which allowed him to observe the great wealth in an area with a large production of wool fabrics. Both the wool as the material used for cleaning (aluminum silicate) were imported from England. When Henry VII took over his poor kingdom, which had sold in advance of future wool production for several years Italian bankers, he recalled his teenage years in the continent. In Burgundy not only textile producers, but also & amp; eacute; No other craft and of course the bankers, they lived in opulence. Henry concluded that England was following a wrong path, and decided on a plan to turn England paa a producer of finished fabrics, instead of exporting its main raw material.

Henry VII created numerous economic policy instruments. The first and most important was the export tax, which ensured that foreign producers had to tissueraw processing more expensive than their English counterparts. In the newly established factories of cloth also were granted a tax exemption was granted temporary monopolies in certain geographic areas and during certain periods. Also encouraged the inclusion of artisans and entrepreneurs from abroad, especially Dutch and Italian. As production capacity grew cloth rates also rose for the export of raw wool, until England had enough capacity to process all the wool they produced. Later

Several British historians point out that the industrial plan of the Tudors was the real foundation of the later greatness of England. On the mainland this plan would have significant consequences. Florence was one of the city-states hardest hit by the English competition. The Florentines tried to counteract English wool buying and converting part of the production of cloth of silk, but British policy was so successful that the golden age of Florence was atra s definitely.

wool growers of Castile were the leading players in the English as producers of raw materials and in 1695 the British economist John Cary suggested that England must buy all English wool in the market to burn. England did not have sufficient capacity to process this yarn, but his withdrawal from the market would strengthen the market power of English:

"

could promote a contract with the English for all (wool) that have, and if so would it be objected that too, better would be to burn the excess at the expense of the public (as the Dutch with spices) to have it cluttering up abroad, something that can not otherwise avoid, since all European wool is manufactured somewhere. "

The trade war was actually a contest for the ability to carry out the activities that provided the benefits andmp; iacute; an over larger markets and to develop and prosper. Industrial protection carries with it the seeds of its own destruction: when successful, the protection counter is initially required. As one anonymous Italian traveler about Holland in 1786: "The fees are as useful to introduce the arts (ie, industry) in a country as harmful are once they have established. " That is the key to understanding how a process for the establishment of free trade. Again, this teaching has been forgottendo in economic theory, now being implemented in many countries.

fundamental principles of economic policy instruments of Henry VII have been mandatory since the political ingredients ; economic policy of all countries that have opened a pathway out of poverty and become rich. Exceptions to this egla are scarce. A small city-state devoid of resources but a great environment like Hong Kong, you canList's been translated into many languages and same toolbox listiana "was used in Japan since the Meiji restoration in the 1870 and Korea-a country as poor as Tanzania in 1950 - from the 1960's. Poor countries are those that have not used the tool box, or those who have been employed for a period too short and / or a static form that has prevented the competitive dynamics take root. The comparison between protectionism "good" and "bad" in Appendix VI highlights the qualitative differences between different pr & a

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Germany follows the steps of the strategy of emulation in England, the Netherlands, an example of peace, tolerance and emulation

As in the case of many visitors to the age, wealth, peace, freedom and tolerance that observed in the Netherlands left them a deep and lasting impression.

What did Seckendorff and other economists of the time in the Netherlands that made them so impressive? Industr and know a lot about trade in the Dutch city of Delft in the time Seckendroff visited the country, and we do not know if he visited that city, we can take as an example. The theories of German economist Werner Sombart on war and luxury can be represented in Delft for shipbuilding and the art of painting as an incentive in the development of capitalism, but with microscope manufacturers converted City scientists confirm the thesis ofC

The Netherlands were at that time a laboratory where they could observe the mechanisms of economic development. Investigadroes At the time it seemed obvious that innovation and wealth were the result of the many opportunities for the invention outside of agriculture, the decline in unit costs of the productionand increasing returns in urban activities, and the extent of the division of labor in many different careers intertwined in various synergies. Antonio Serra, bs economic was a goal in itself that made it possible for new knowledge "jump" from one sector to another as we observed. These theoretical findings followed the tradition of ben comune

made by Brunetto Latini in the thirteenth century.

The aim of the pol & is and try to emulate them. Another economist, Phiplipp Hörnigk Wilhelm von (1638-1712) identifies the principles to be followed by late German states to to emulate the economic structure Europeras richest countries. It is worth noting that this strategy was aimed primarily to Austria and was first published in 1684, just one year after the last siege of Vienna by the Turks.

Very early we find the remark that the proximity of a city tends to improve agricultural practices. According to Botero, "Dutch sheep stand three or four lambs at a time, and cows usually give birth to two calves, plus much milk that he did not see you could not believe it." However, the key importance of the synergy between city and countryside, the argument that only farmers who share a labor market with an industrial city can achieve wealth, did not receive widespread recognition until the illustrationtion and business-person of last resort for the kings, activities which often caused them financial porblem. The logic given was "the better the governor, the richer the people." Rather than judge their success by their own pulencia, the ruling should serve wealth and happiness of its people.

's first teacher in the world economy was Simon Peter Gasser, who received his professorship in Economics , Pol & iacute; policy and House Science at the University of Halle (Germany) in 1727. It would be almost one hundred years before England set up its first chair in economics (Adam Smith was professor of moral philosophy.) The first economics textbook written by the first professor of economics in the world, Introduction economics, politics and chamber

begins with a poem written by Seckendorff, which describes the old ideals thatKing is a destro hunter rider and swordsman, and then goes on to describe the modern king, cuy success is measured by the welfare and justice to be seen in its territory.

Erik Reinert, The Globalization of Poverty, op. cit., pp 92-97.

Erik Reinert is Professor of Technology, gobernacióny development

Polymyositis More Condition_treatment

Mount & Blade Dance Of Widding

I use the other for something specific because it could result in contempt. Do not you see? And all these emotions are a little buried there or lived unconsciously.

But as I've said that we seek as a "complement" this is all that is shameful to me now ;, but is part of the same, to put a measured tactic a form of knowledge or perhaps acceptable.

But training is something I'm not going to leave either at the moment, the most professional of me, that has to do with my curriculum and doctoral student, one who knows something of the legal system and set of interests and of society, which also carries some business here in my city.

what you meant, because the phone always emerge but things do not go all, things are left unsaid.

But thank you very much for your support forever. I know it's very positive and I appreciate very much for your part.

I must tell you now I think about it, and what are the things I fear most

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Diagram Of Shoe Parts No historical period is similar both in economic policy in the decade from 1990 as 1840

e; init.d development, but also bring plenty of speculative frenzies, projects and practices that attempt to make the industry behave as normal cardinal industries paradigm. The questionable Enron accounting practices are practically the same as Thorstein Veblen criticized hundred years earlier. In the late nineteenth century American Leather Corporation tried to raise the value of their shares to the same level as the Steel Corporation, something like the Microsoft of its time, in late twentieth century many companies tried to catch up with Microsoft, but failed. In both historical periodsoryx acted as a stock incentive euphoric wanted to believe in the horn of plenty, and for a time was real simply because many people believed in him. But producing leather was not the same that produce steel, the same way that few companies have the market power of Microsoft, and in many cases there was a tragic outcome.

"

Extraordianrios popular delusions and the madness of crowds" (Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds) is the title of a book on disasters bursa ; useful publiced by Charles Mackay in 1841. That same year Friedrich List published his book Das nationale Sustem of Political Ökonomie, in which he argued that to do no more poor to poor COUNTRIES, free trade should be achieved slowly and systematically ; policy. Just as in the popular consciousness such periods expected to pass through the stock exchange quotations roof, whatever the industrial sector in question, it also creates the illusion that all parallel can be made more rich as long as the market is granted a total iberty. John Kenneth Galbraith called it "totemism the market." During the preceding period, las decades of 1840 and 1990, spread the faith stronger than ever has been in the market as the only way to ensure armoníay development. Dácada In 1840, this phenomenon was called "free trade" and now called "globalization." For a long period of time the stock market did not appreciate the differences between the huge increase in productivity and dominance in the market for companies who headed the new techno-economic paradigm, such as U.S. Steel and Microsoft, and the characteristics of industries in mature sectors such as production securcute n leather and other low-tech. Even now, politicians around the world seem to believe that was the opening of the economíay their free trade, rather than its technological advances, which have enriched the Silicon Valley companies.

That illusion was catastrophic for the small investors who had invested their life savings in projects that were nothing more than bubbles. The parallel iusión "free trade" is equally harmful to people in countriesestimated that the European Community agreed to the entry of Spain in the 1980's.

The historical paradox that can be detected in all this is that it is precisely during the periods in which new technologies are substantially changing the society economíay - like the steam in the 1840 and information technology in 1990 - when economists give new fuel to theories based on trade and barter in which technology Alas the new knowledge has no place. Might say, to & ee; to internationally competitive were later dismantled by the shock therapy of a free trade too sudden. These countries (later examine the example of Mongolia) was de-industrialized and fell again in increasing poverty. If there's something that the theorists of the past as James Steuart and Friedrich List had warned it was against sudden changes in the trade regime. Production systems need time to get adjusted. Continental Europe was not fooled by attempts to English during the nineteenth century remain the only industrialized country in the world or its gospel in as tariff of up to one hundred percent. Although most immigrants were or had been farmers, they were the main beneficiaries of the existence of an industrial sector, as Abraham Lincoln said: "I can not guess the reason, but high tariffs make everything they buy the farmers find it cheaper. "

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s economic development and therefore globalizacióny that free trade will automatically lead to economic harmony. In real life, however, the diversity and complexities hidden in the "black box" of the economy give rise to severe economic inequalities.

addition to ridicule the naive belief that free trade can lead to harmony, the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche also identified a new element add to barter and innovation that distinguishes thehuman beings from the rest of the animal kingdom, humans are the only animals capable of making and keeping promises. This concept raises the need of institutions, rules and routines, laws and regulations, incentives and penalties, whether expectations that a society agrees to share or formal rules backed retaliation for those who do not submit to them. The market itself is actually an institution of this kind, which is allowed to operate but is restricted by a number of formal and informal rules. However, in the modern economy such institutions are often taken for granted. After the writings of Francis Bacon in the early seventeenth century authors echo treaty1840. The British government, in order to provide cheap bread to its factory workers, failed to protect their own agriculture with tariffs and also tried to induce other countries to stop protecting their industry. It was believed that the growing social inequalities-which for a century was called the "social question" - would disappear as soon as they eliminate all restrictions on the economy. In the end, however, that this created was a greater conflict. The modern welfare state was built brick by brick from the chaos. Germany took the initiative, a group of economistsC as well as socialism. "That's the kind of economic theory that has virtually disappeared.

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From the standpoint of our understanding of wealth and poverty, one can argue in a rather expedient that the most important contribution of Adam Smith was in fact his approach led to outsource or to expel what was to become dominant in economics, in particular the following four concepts are important for understanding economic development:

1. The concept of innovation with great prominence in British social science over one hundred and fifty years, since earket automatically find its equilibrium interferecnias that there are no strangers. In fact, the line between the market's invisible hand of the simple faith in the destiny seems very thin, and Smith himself attributed the distribution of land to the Order rather than social forces but even so, apnta, the invisible hand would come to the aid of the poor:

"

2. The product of the soil maintains at all times about the larger population that is able to maintain. The rich only select from the pile asthe species. When providence divided the earth among a few gentlemen, neither forgot nor abandoned those who seemed to be left out of the deal. The latter also enjoy their part in everything that occurs. In what constitutes the real happiness of human life are not inferior in any sense to those who seem to be well above them. Welfare of body and peace of mind, different social ranks are all approximately the same level, and the beggar who walks in the sun on the edge of the road safety has to fight for the Kings ( Theory of Moral Sentiments). " CHTM

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The first type of theory, based on standard assumptions of neoclassical economic theory, Paul Samuelson "proved" mathematically that trade unfettered international will lead to a "leveling of the price factor," which essentially means that the prices paid to factors of production, capital and labor-tenderána be the same worldwide.

The second type of theory, based on the alternative tradition qfall outside the theory or abstract vanish in a search of means such as the "representative firm." In the theory based on the production, however, where financial and monetary variables are only the scaffolding needed to start the central engine, ie the country's productive capacity, it happens otherwise. But precisely because the factors mentioned above is ignored so the standard theory comes to the conclusion that globalization will equally benefit everyone, including countries from the point of view the necessary skills are still in theStone Age. The development, therefore, tends to be understood as capital accumulation rather than assimilation of knowledge emulacióny

.

The differences between you two types of economic theories are very deep, and derived from two opposite ideas of the most fundamental human traits and human activity ma ; s basic. Adam Smith and Abraham Lincoln clearly represent the two conflicting versions of human nature and the relevant economic theories.

theory fu barter exposed by Adam Smith and the beginning of Chapter 2 of

The Wealth of Nations : "

The division of labor is the result of human nature's propensity to barter, exchange and trade one thing for another. It is common to all men and not in other animal species, unaware of this and other kinds of compromises. No one has ever seen a dog make a fair and deliberate exchange with another dog a bone by another. "

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Lincoln presented his theory based on the productionand innovation in a speech in the election campaign of 1860:

" Beavers also build houses, but they do exactly the same way as five thousand years ago. Man is not the only animal that works, but is uniquely able to improve their work. These improvements effected by the discoveries and inventions. "

These two different visions of the fundamental economic characteristics of human beings have a significant economic theories and policies differ. While Adam Smith have in mind inventions, they come from somewhere outside the economic system (they are exogenous

) are not conditioned (

perfect information) and in principle arrive simultaneously to all communities and individuals. Similarly, innovations and new technologies are created automatically and free of charge by an invisible hand, ideology econ & oacutepotentially noble spirit with an active brain, which continuously records and classifies the world around him according to comprehensive plans, the economy is so focused on production rather than on the exchange, as well as production, asimilacióny dissemination of knowledge and innovations. The driving force for continental economic theory is not capital per se, but "the capital of wit and will" human who spoke Nietzsche. If you believe in the type A, then B is irrelevant, and vice versa. The first conception of humanity can build an economic theory andp; iacute; a.

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nventos also emerged as unintended byproducts of emulation among nations and rulers in war and luxury. Once it was observed that some of the resources devoted to resolving problems produce wartime inventions and innovations, the same mechanism could be applied in peacetime.

Europeans soon found that wealth was widespread only in areas that lacked agricultural practices or in which it Só I played a marginal role, coming to be understood as a byproductunintended agglomeration of various industries in large cities. Once you understand these mechanisms, a wise economic policy could spread the wealth out of those few areas "naturally rich." The policy could also emulation, in fact, spreading wealth to poor agricultural areas before and feudal, but that required massive intervention in the market and a wise economic policy ; mica ls could replace natural and geographical advantages that led to the first rich countries. We can imagine further that the taxcommodity exports and imports of finished products were conceived as means to improve the incomes of poor countries, but as a result of these measures increased wealth due to growth in domestic industrial capacity. This combination of different purposes was already clear in England during the reign of Edward III (1312-1377).

Thus, rivalry, war and emulation in Europe resulted in a dynamic system of imperfect competition and increasing returns. The new knowledge and innovations are propagated bythroughout the economy by allowing greater benefits and higher wages and a broader base for tax collection. European economic policy was based for centuries on the belief that the creation of an industry solve fundamental economic problems of the time, favoring the increase of employment, benefits, wages, based on tax collection and circulation of currency. The Italian economist Ferdinando Galiani (1728-1787), whom Friedrich Nietzsche considered the smartest person in the eighteenth century, stated that "industry is puede expected to cure the two main evils of humanity, supersticióny slavery. " Standard texts in economics, seeking to understand economic development in terms of "perfect markets" without friction, Marra unfortunately white. Perfect markets are for the poor. It is equally futile to try to understand this development in terms of what economists mean "market failures." Confronted with the economy of the texts, economic development is a massive failure of perfect markets.

CH(John Kenneth Galbraith and Alice Amsden). Colonialism was essentially a system in which it was intended that these effects were not made, and our inability to understand the relationship between colonialism and poverty is a significant barrier to combat the latter.

The doctrine of comparative advantage, designed by Ricardo, is the foundation of the current international economic order. A prominent U.S. economist Paul Krugman says that "intellectuals" do not understand the idea of Ricardo's comparative advantage, which is "absolutely certain, immensely sophisticated and extremely relEvant for the modern world. " I argue the opposite: that the economics of Ricardo, by removing economic theory a qualitative understanding of change and economic dynamics, has become a device that enables a nation specializing in being poor. In Ricardo's theory of economics has no purpose, no progress and therefore nothing to emulate. Washintong Consensus, with its blind faith in comparative advantage as a solution to the problems of the poor, has flatly rejected the "toolbox" of emulation, despite its impressive successes in five hundred